[103], Military dictatorships remained prominent in Latin America during the Cold War, though the number of coups declined starting in the 1980s. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. Political control is any tactic through which the state seeks to gain compliance from society. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. Venezuela has a presidential government. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. Stability in a dictatorship is maintained through coercion and political repression, which involves the restriction of access to information, the tracking of the political opposition, and acts of violence. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Countries that start with: Hybrid dictatorships are regimes that have a combination of these classifications. [114] The countries of Central Asia did not liberalize after the fall of the Soviet Union, instead forming as dictatorships led by former elites of the Communist Party and then later by successive dictators. During his reign of terror, about 30,000 Haitians are estimated to have been assassinated, while thousands - mostly intelligence fled the country. [56] Caesar subverted the tradition of temporary dictatorships when he was made dictator perpetuo, or a dictator for life, which led to the creation of the Roman Empire. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. Reading Time: 4 minutes. Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . At the onset of the so-called "third wave" of democracy in 1978, the only democratic regimes were Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela. Laos (since 1975) It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. [138] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. 10. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. United Arab Emirates 2.69/10. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. Single-party dictatorships were most common during the Cold War, with dominant-party dictatorships becoming more common after the fall of the Soviet Union. Photo: Lars Klove. But this is not the first time Myanmar is having the bitter taste of autocracy, in fact, their governance turned . Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic and an oligarchy. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index is seen as an example of the minimalist approach, whereas the Polity data series is more substantive. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. The Freedom in the World report evaluates the state of freedom in 195 countries and 14 territories, assigning a score between 0 and 4 in a series of 25 indicators to give a final score of 100. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. In 1989, the Soviet Union was dissolved, and communism was abandoned by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe through a series of revolutions. Examples might include King Cyrus the Great of Persia, who is thought to have created the first declaration of human rights, the Biblical King Solomon, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yue. Imelda Marcos. He all but eradicated corruption. [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. Since 1945 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for all military dictatorships. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. Dictatorships in the Middle East and Northern Africa are either illiberal republics in which a president holds power through unfair elections, or they are absolute monarchies in which power is inherited. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. The 2010 version of Polity data series covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. There's no room for opposition or . They are in civil war, but the dictator is. The fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in Italy , from 1943 to 1945. A dictator has the ability to make decisions that will have an impact on the people in many ways, and the worse part is, the people do not consent to being ruled. * Venezuela - Nicolas Maduro * Mauritania - Mohamed Ould Abdulaziz * Algeria - Abdelaziz Bouteflika * Tunisia - Beji Caid Essebesi * Chad - Idriss Deby * Sudan - Omar al-Bashir * Cameroon - Paul Biy. There must be more than one party competing in the elections. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. [8]:455 Some countries (such as Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Israel) require that the vote of no confidence also specify who is going to replace the sitting government to minimize the time without an interim government, essentially replacing one government with another. [127], Indoctrination is the inculcation of citizens on specific values and ideas beneficial to the dictatorships needs and desires. [1]:68. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. The dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain , from 1939 to 1975. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. The legislature must be popularly elected. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. Through the ages, Algeria, officially People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. This list answers the questions, "What countries are dictatorships?" Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government.
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